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1.
Arq. Inst. Biol ; 85: e0192018, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-998436

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the efficacy of natural products in the control of papaya anthracnose, in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro experiments for evaluation of mycelial growth used a completely randomized 10 × 4 factorial design (treatments × evaluation periods) with eight replicates, with sporulation evaluated at the end of the experiment. The treatments involved the use of aqueous extract at concentrations of 5 and 15% for Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (clove), Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breym (cinnamon), and Zingiber officinalis Rox. (ginger); 1 and 3% chitosan; the fungicide Prochloraz at 100 µg.mL-1; and a control (no treatment). For evaluating conidia germination, we used six treatments with five replicates. The treatments included 7.5% of each extract (clove, cinnamon, and ginger), 1.5% chitosan, and 50 µg.mL-1 of Prochloraz. For the in vivo experiment, "Formosa" papaya "Tainung 1" was used in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and four replicates to evaluate the severity of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The fruits were treated by immersion for 5 min with 15% clove, cinnamon, and ginger extracts, 8% chitosan, and control with distilled water, and immersion for 2 min in Prochloraz (33.75 g a.i./100 L). The treatments with 15% clove extract and 8% chitosan were effective in all evaluations, resulting in a viable alternative to the fungicide Prochloraz. The treatments with ginger extract were less effective and those with cinnamon offered intermediate control.(AU)


Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar, in vitro e in vivo, a eficácia de produtos naturais no controle da antracnose do mamão. Os experimentos in vitro foram instalados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo para a avaliação de crescimento micelial considerado o esquema fatorial 10 × 4 (tratamentos x períodos de avaliação) com oito repetições, com a esporulação avaliada ao final do experimento. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: extrato aquoso nas concentrações de 5 e 15% de Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (cravo-da-índia), Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breym (canela) e Zingiber officinalis Rox (gengibre), quitosana 1 e 3%, fungicida Procloraz a 100 µg.mL-1 e testemunha (sem tratamento). Para a avaliação da germinação de conídios, foram considerados seis tratamentos com cinco repetições. Foram utilizados os mesmos tratamentos, porém, nas concentrações de 7,5% de cada extrato (cravo-da-índia, canela e gengibre), 1,5% de quitosana, e 50 µg.mL-1 de Procloraz. Para o experimento in vivo, foram utilizados mamões "Formosa" "Tainung 1", em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo seis tratamentos com quatro repetições para avaliação de severidade de antracnose causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Os frutos foram tratados por imersão durante 5 minutos com extratos de cravo-da-índia, canela e gengibre a 15%, quitosana a 8% e testemunha com água destilada, e imersão por 2 minutos em fungicida Procloraz (33,75 g i.a./100 L). Os tratamentos com extrato de cravo-da-índia a 15% e quitosana a 8% foram eficazes em todas as avaliações, sendo uma alternativa viável ao fungicida Procloraz. Os tratamentos com extrato de gengibre foram menos eficientes, com controle intermediário para o extrato de canela.(AU)


Subject(s)
Biological Products/therapeutic use , Carica , Mycoses , Plant Extracts , Cinnamomum zeylanicum , Ginger , Syzygium , Chitosan
2.
Rev. bras. plantas med ; 18(1,supl.1): 367-372, 2016. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-782972

ABSTRACT

RESUMO As doenças pós-colheita do mamão são as principais responsáveis pelas perdas que ocorrem durante esse processo. A antracnose é uma doença causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Esse patógeno tem a capacidade de se estabelecer no fruto imaturo, permanecendo em estado latente até que as condições se tornem favoráveis ao seu desenvolvimento. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o efeito fungistático dos óleos essenciais sobre o fungo C.gloeosporioides. Os experimentos foram realizados no laboratório de Fitossanidade da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Cassilândia, foram três etapas, quais sejam: I efeito dos óleos essenciais sobre a germinação de conídios, II- ação in vitro dos óleos sobre micélios fúngicos e III- efeito dos óleos essenciais sobre o fungo em frutos do mamoeiro. Para as três fases o delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 X 5, (óleos essenciais de alecrim, menta, capim-limão, anis, árvore-chá e canela) e cinco concentrações (0 μL, 10 μL, 30 μL, 50 μL, 100 μL), com 5 repetições. A germinação de conídios foi afetada drasticamente pelos óleos de menta e árvore-chá. O efeito fungitóxico do óleo de menta foi confirmado nos experimentos subsequentes, nos quais essa substância na concentração de 100 µL inibiu completamente o crescimento micelial invivo e in vitro do fungo C. gloeosporioides. Os óleos de alecrim e árvore-chá também afetam o crescimento micelial in vivo e in vitro desse fungo, embora em menor intensidade.


ABSTRACT Post-harvest papaya diseases are primarily responsible for the losses suffered during this process. Anthracnose is a disease caused by the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungus. This pathogen has the ability to settle in the immature fruit, remaining dormant until conditions become favorable for its development. The purpose of this study was to determine the fungicidal effect of essential oils on the C. gloeosporioides fungus. The experiments were undertaken in the Plant Health laboratory of the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, at the University Unit of Cassilandia, where an evaluation was performed in three stages, namely: I) the effect of essential oils on spore germination, II) the in vitro action of oils on mycelium fungi, and III) the effect of essential oils on the fungus in papaya fruit. For the three phases, the experimental design was completely randomized in a 6 x 5 factorial arrangement (essential oils of rosemary, mint, lemongrass, anise, tea tree, and cinnamon) and five concentrations (0 uL, 10 uL, 30 uL, 50 uL, 100 uL) with five replications. The spore germination was drastically affected by the mint and tea tree oils. The fungitoxic effect of peppermint oil was confirmed in subsequent experiments in which this substance at a concentration of 100 uL completely inhibited the mycelial in vivo and in vitro growth of the C. gloeosporioides fungus. The rosemary and tea tree oils also affect the mycelial in vivo and in vitro growth of this fungus, albeit to a lesser degree.


Subject(s)
In Vitro Techniques/methods , Oils, Volatile/analysis , Carica/classification , Fungi/isolation & purification
3.
Rev. Soc. Venez. Microbiol ; 29(1): 34-38, jun. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-631633

ABSTRACT

La podredumbre blanda (Rhyzopus stolonifer), la podredumbre negra (Mucor spp., Aspergillus niger y Pythium spp.) son las enfermedades postcosecha más comunes de la fresa (Fragaria spp.) y generan grandes pérdidas de estas. Durante muchos años se han utilizado fungicidas sintéticos para controlar a estos patógenos, pero se ha demostrado que se hacen resistentes a dichos productos, además de representar un riesgo potencial al ambiente y la salud humana. Todo esto ha conllevado a la búsqueda de alternativas naturales como el empleo de extractos vegetales y antagonistas microbianos, siendo Trichoderma harzianum el antagonista mas utilizado como control biológico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto antagónico de T. harzianum sobre algunos hongos patógenos postcosecha en fresa y conocer su mecanismo de acción. Las muestras de fresa fueron transportadas al laboratorio en los mismos empaques de venta, y posteriormente las fresas fueron colocadas en cámaras de germinación controlando la humedad para el desarrollo rápido de hongos presentes en la fruta. Se identificaron los hongos Rhyzopus stolonifer, Mucor spp., Penicillium digitatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger y Pythium spp., sobre los cuales se realizó la prueba de antagonismo usando al hongo T. harzianum. La velocidad de crecimiento del biocontrolador fue mayor que el crecimiento de los hongos postcosecha (p<0,01) y a las 96 horas de incubación la caja de Petri estaba completamente cubierta y en la zona de encuentro entre éstos se observó que el mecanismo de acción del biocontrolador fue de tipo micoparasítico. T. harzianum resultó ser un excelente controlador in vitro de hongos postcosecha de frutos de fresa.


Soft rotting (Rhyzopus stolonifer) and black rotting (Mucor spp., Aspergillus niger and Pythium spp.) are the most common post harvesting strawberry (Fragaria spp.) diseases, generating great losses. During many years synthetic fungicides have been used to control these pathogens, but their development of resistance to these products has been demonstrated, following to the fact that they represent a potential environmental and human health risk. This has lead to the search of natural alternatives such as the use of vegetal extracts and microbial antagonists, being Trichoderma harzianum the antagonist most widely used as biological control. The purpose of this study was to determine the antagonist effect of T. harzianum over some post strawberry harvesting pathogens and determine their mechanism of action. The strawberry samples were transported to the laboratory in the same packages in which they were sold, and then were placed in germination chambers, controlling humidity to obtain a rapid development of the fungi present in the fruit. We identified the following fungi:  Rhyzopus stolonifer, Mucor spp., Penicillium digitatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger and Phytium spp., which were tested for antagonism, using the T. harzianum. The growth speed of the biocontroller was greater than that of the post harvest fungi (p<0,01) and at 96 hours of incubation the Petri dish was completely covered, and the encounter area between them showed that the action mechanism of the biocontroller was of the mycoparasitic type. T. harzianum turned out to be an excellent in vitro controller of post strawberry harvest fungi.

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